GC Insights: “Sedimentary Rock!” – a web app that converts geological strata data into music

Kitazawa, Toshiyuki; Aoki, Kazuaki; Yasutomo, Hiroaki; Kato, Takuma

doi:10.5194/gc-9-1-2026

Articles | Volume 9, issue 1

https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-9-1-2026

© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Special issue:

GC Insights

https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-9-1-2026

© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 9, issue 1

GC Insights

|

06 Jan 2026

GC Insights |

| 06 Jan 2026

GC Insights: “Sedimentary Rock!” – a web app that converts geological strata data into music

Toshiyuki Kitazawa, Kazuaki Aoki, Hiroaki Yasutomo, and Takuma Kato

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Final revised paper (published on 06 Jan 2026)
Supplement to the final revised paper
Preprint (discussion started on 28 May 2025)

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2025-1978', Anonymous Referee #1, 24 Jun 2025
Overall, I do feel the software as is being presented in this paper is of some interest to the Earth Science community though the level of serious engagement this may represent in the long-term, as opposed to it being a gimmick, remains uncertain.

As several aspects that I consider would significantly strengthen the paper:
In the introduction, mention of previous attempts of sonification were made (Lines 21-29). I think it would be of value for the authors to expound a little more on these studies. Specifically, why was sound added, what was the intended impact, how was it evaluated, and were those previous studies successful? This may help frame the value and significance of this particular program.

The potential benefits to users with disabilities should be also discussed in this paper. Specifically, could the program be adapted so people with visual impairments can interpret geological strata?

Is it possible to modify the program and slow the play rate? (E.g. a scale bar from 0-100% speed). For me, at least, it plays too fast for me to interpret the trends in my head (which would be a barrier to the effectiveness and usefulness of listening to the strata.

Relating to the survey and demographics, were there any trends seen that could be discussed? For example, how did the students compare to the three educators (museum and teacher), or those in education vs the 5 others?

Additional comments:
Line 32: “The web app was opened in 2018 and has been used.” This statement is very vague; how many people have used or engaged with the software?
Figure caption ‘(2)’ should be replaced with ‘(b)’
Line 114: relace ‘a science teacher’ with ‘1 science teacher’
Line 125: as the software has been online for 7 years now (since 2018), consider removing the word ‘new’
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1978-RC1
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Toshiyuki Kitazawa, 06 Aug 2025
  
  Thank you for your acceptance to review and meaningful suggestions.
  Our response to the referee #1 comments is as follows.
  
  1) In the introduction, mention of previous attempts of sonification were made (Lines 21-29). I think it would be of value for the authors to expound a little more on these studies. Specifically, why was sound added, what was the intended impact, how was it evaluated, and were those previous studies successful? This may help frame the value and significance of this particular program.
  > We will revise the paper in consideration of the referee comments.
  
  2) The potential benefits to users with disabilities should be also discussed in this paper. Specifically, could the program be adapted so people with visual impairments can interpret geological strata?
  > Although there was such a discussion among the authors before and some comments in the questionnaire, we have never had the opportunity to survey the benefits to users with disabilities. If it is preferred to mention the possibility, we can do so.
  
  3) Is it possible to modify the program and slow the play rate? (E.g. a scale bar from 0-100% speed). For me, at least, it plays too fast for me to interpret the trends in my head (which would be a barrier to the effectiveness and usefulness of listening to the strata.
  > We appreciate the referee suggestions, which are useful for proceeding with our app. However, we would like to avoid the contradictions in the paper between the web app version used in the questionnaire and the one we will update. We have also received further improvements from another referee; thus, we will take some time to update the app. For example, playing slow creates a problem where the sound from much thicker strata becomes too long; thus, the adjustable play rate is a very good idea, but requires a higher technical level. We prefer to publish the current version at this stage and then carefully update the app, taking into account the referee comments.
  
  4) Relating to the survey and demographics, were there any trends seen that could be discussed? For example, how did the students compare to the three educators (museum and teacher), or those in education vs the 5 others?
  > We couldn’t find trends between the attributes.
  
  Additional comments:
  Line 32: “The web app was opened in 2018 and has been used.” This statement is very vague; how many people have used or engaged with the software?
  > The access to the web app has been approximately 700 since 2018. We will mention it.
  
  Figure caption ‘(2)’ should be replaced with ‘(b)’
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  Line 114: relace ‘a science teacher’ with ‘1 science teacher’
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  Line 125: as the software has been online for 7 years now (since 2018), consider removing the word ‘new’
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1978-AC1
RC2:
'Comment on egusphere-2025-1978', Lee de Mora, 02 Jul 2025

Review of GC Insights manuscript: “Sedimentary Rock!” – A web app that converts geological strata data into music, by Toshiyuki Kitazawa, Kazuaki Aoki, Hiroaki Yasutomo, & Takuma Kato
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1978
https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-1978/
Review by Dr. Lee de Mora – Plymouth Marine Laboratory

I’m always excited to see new sonification tools and new applications. While I do not have a geology background, I found it interesting to see how the different layers sounded. The paper is brief and introduces the web app concept quite well. I love the interactivity of the tool: anyone can take it and edit layers and hear different sounds. The overall grammar and language of the paper is fine, but could be improved. The structure does not align with a standard scientific paper (introduction, methods, results, discussion), but I’ll leave that up to the editor whether that’s okay.
My primary criticism is that the paper and the web app do not go far enough to explain sedimentary rocks. This web app and manuscript should be of interest beyond just the geological community. As such, it would really be worth spending some time explaining some of the core concepts and why they are interesting and exciting: ie, what are geological strata? what is a columnar section? Why are they interesting? What can they tell us about the local geological history?
In either case, I would say that this is an interesting paper, and should be published with major corrections. I do not want to disparage the hard work of the authors, the concept is great, and with a little work, the rest of the paper could be really great too. I think that a small number of hopefully simple changes to paper and the app, like a depth scale along the y axis, a colour legend, a few presets with explanations would go a long way in improving it.
The example showing the app to demonstrate different rock types in section 5 is great. I’d love to see more examples of this in the paper. I don’t think that the survey in section 6 and table 1 is very insightful
While my role here is to review the paper, not the app, I have a few comments on the app:
The initial start-up pattern is an interesting example, but I find the examples on your youtube channel to be a lot more engaging. In addition, the effort needed to create your own columnal section is a bit high. I can't imagine many casual users doing this. However, lots of interesting datasets have been shown via youtube. It would be really nice to be able to explore the datasets shown on youtube from the web app. This could be done as a dropdown list of preset starting conditions, or buttons (as in, several different datasets to explore instead of just the standard pattern).
Similarly, if the data is based on a real world location, an explanations about the different kinds of rock, where that occurs, and why it’s interesting would make it a much more powerful education tool.
There is no depth/thickness information on the web app. A y-axis scale would allow a much better interpretation of what we're looking at.
Also, there is no legend in the webapp. This is really needed to help understand what kind of rock we're looking at.
All this information is shown in Figure 1b), so the authors are aware that this is needed to explain the strata, but figure 1a) is closer to what the app looks like, and is much harder to interpret. I would like the app to look more like figure 1b): includes a depth scale, a colour scale, and some notes to help explain what we’re seeing and hearing.
Finally, what data is shown on the x-axis? It seems to be linked to pitch and grain size? Is a bar chart the most appropriate way to show this? Would textures as well as colours make more visual sense that colours?
The webapp interface could be improved. For instance, click and hold to drag layers around with the mouse and rearrange them. Right click to edit a layer.

On the musical side, the tone is pleasant enough, and pitch is a good way to link to information. However, I always feel that tone and timbre would make the audio more exciting? I always recommend checking Flowers (2005) for a great summary of audiolisations, which may inspire new directions for your work.
Flowers, J. H.: Thirteen years of reflection on auditory graphing: promises, pitfalls and potential new directions, Proceedings of ICAD 05-Eleventh Meeting of the International Conference on Auditory Display, Limerick, Ireland, 6–9 July, 406–409, 2005

It seems like the longest that a piece of music can be is 5-20 seconds? Is it possible to change the tempo? Or create a loop? This may make it more musical. The youtube videos all show the pattern repeating, so adding a way to do that would be useful. The other issue is that music requires a regular pulse and regular repeating patterns, but in this work, the note duration is linked to thickness, so it may not invoke a sense of rhythm.

Specific comments:
L15: Please add a sentence to this paragraph about why we should be interested in sedimentary layers of rock. What we can learn from it or use it for.
L15: What is strata?
L16: What is grain size?
L25-L29: Single sentence paragraph – merge with previous paragraph. Also, remove “Especially”.
L30: remove “very simply”
L32: “The web app was opened in 2018 and has been used.” While this is true, I suspect that this sentence is missing some words.
L32: remove “anyone”
L38: remove general
L41: Should this be a reference, instead of a web address in line?
L43: Don’t start a sentence with Because. (Because is a conjunction word, so it’s only just to join two sentence parts).
L41-44: Actually, this is not that useful to know. You can probably delete “but once the web app has been started up, columnar sections can be created, saved, and loaded, and music can be played, even offline, for as long as the browser window is kept open.”
L44: Is the code open source and hosted online anywhere? Can users download it and make their own server? There's a link to the github in the supplementatal code section, but maybe mention it here too.
L46: What is a columnal Section?
L53: This is the legend and should appear in the web app and in figure 1.
L66: Single sentence paragraph, merge with previous
L72: l=100logt: write this as an in line equation.
L73: Note duration in ms is not a musical way to describe this. Have you considered another way to link thickness to tempo? Perhaps binning thicknesses into musical notes? 100m = 2 bars, 1m = crochet, 1mm = semiquaver or something scaling like this?
L77: If you’re starting the scale from A, then it’s Aminor pentanic, not C major.
L77-78: You have 8 types of grain size, why use a pentatonic scale instead of an 8 note major scale?
L78: One of the really unique elements of your sonification is the glissando (slides) from one pitch to another, but you don’t mention this in the text. It would be worth adding a sentence describing this.
L104-109: I really like this, this is what the tool should do! Help understand the layers!
L111-119: I am not sure about this survey. It doesn't appear in the abstract or the methods. I understand the intention, but I feel that these may be leading questions, and I'm not sure that it adds very much to the overall message of the paper.
I'd like to see a Discussions, limitations and extensions section. What are the issues with this approach? Where can it be extended in the future?
In the supplemental code github repository, you should add instructions on how to install and run the app to the README.md file.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1978-RC2
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Toshiyuki Kitazawa, 06 Aug 2025
  
  Thank you for accepting the role of referee and for your meaningful suggestions.
  Our response to Dr. Lee de Mora (the referee #2) comments is as follows.
  
  My primary criticism is that the paper and the web app do not go far enough to explain sedimentary rocks. This web app and manuscript should be of interest beyond just the geological community. As such, it would really be worth spending some time explaining some of the core concepts and why they are interesting and exciting: ie, what are geological strata? what is a columnar section? Why are they interesting? What can they tell us about the local geological history?
  > We will revise the paper in consideration of the referee comments.
  
  In either case, I would say that this is an interesting paper, and should be published with major corrections. I do not want to disparage the hard work of the authors, the concept is great, and with a little work, the rest of the paper could be really great too. I think that a small number of hopefully simple changes to paper and the app, like a depth scale along the y axis, a colour legend, a few presets with explanations would go a long way in improving it.
  > We appreciate the referee suggestions, which are useful for proceeding with our app. However, we would like to avoid the contradictions in the paper between the web app version used in the questionnaire and the one we will update. We have also received further improvements from another referee; thus, we will take some time to update the app. We prefer to publish the current version at this stage and then carefully update the app, taking into account the referee comments.
  
  The example showing the app to demonstrate different rock types in section 5 is great. I’d love to see more examples of this in the paper.
  > The concept of the app is to allow learners to create sounds by themselves, so no more examples are needed, we think.
  
  I don’t think that the survey in section 6 and table 1 is very insightful
  > The questionnaire survey was added according to the executive editor’s request when the first submission of this paper was rejected. The questionnaire was needed to indicate that the app is useful in education; educators can make learners understand that the strata consist of concepts of grain size and thickness of the stratum by working to make a columnar section.
  
  While my role here is to review the paper, not the app, I have a few comments on the app:
  The initial start-up pattern is an interesting example, but I find the examples on your youtube channel to be a lot more engaging. In addition, the effort needed to create your own columnal section is a bit high. I can't imagine many casual users doing this. However, lots of interesting datasets have been shown via youtube. It would be really nice to be able to explore the datasets shown on youtube from the web app. This could be done as a dropdown list of preset starting conditions, or buttons (as in, several different datasets to explore instead of just the standard pattern).
  > We prefer to update after publication.
  
  Similarly, if the data is based on a real world location, an explanations about the different kinds of rock, where that occurs, and why it’s interesting would make it a much more powerful education tool.
  > The examples are schematic ones I create, thus not real.
  
  There is no depth/thickness information on the web app. A y-axis scale would allow a much better interpretation of what we're looking at.
  > We prefer to update after publication.
  
  Also, there is no legend in the webapp. This is really needed to help understand what kind of rock we're looking at.
  All this information is shown in Figure 1b), so the authors are aware that this is needed to explain the strata, but figure 1a) is closer to what the app looks like, and is much harder to interpret. I would like the app to look more like figure 1b): includes a depth scale, a colour scale, and some notes to help explain what we’re seeing and hearing.
  > We prefer to update after publication.
  
  Finally, what data is shown on the x-axis? It seems to be linked to pitch and grain size? Is a bar chart the most appropriate way to show this? Would textures as well as colours make more visual sense that colours?
  > X-axis indicates the grain size. It is a general method to create a columnar section, and we should first explain what a columnar section is. Texture is a good idea, but it requires a higher technical level, because the gradual change, for example, from sand to mud, is difficult to show. So, we prefer to consider after publication.
  
  The webapp interface could be improved. For instance, click and hold to drag layers around with the mouse and rearrange them. Right click to edit a layer.
  > We prefer to update after publication.
  
  On the musical side, the tone is pleasant enough, and pitch is a good way to link to information. However, I always feel that tone and timbre would make the audio more exciting? I always recommend checking Flowers (2005) for a great summary of audiolisations, which may inspire new directions for your work.
  Flowers, J. H.: Thirteen years of reflection on auditory graphing: promises, pitfalls and potential new directions, Proceedings of ICAD 05-Eleventh Meeting of the International Conference on Auditory Display, Limerick, Ireland, 6–9 July, 406–409, 2005
  It seems like the longest that a piece of music can be is 5-20 seconds? Is it possible to change the tempo? Or create a loop? This may make it more musical. The youtube videos all show the pattern repeating, so adding a way to do that would be useful. The other issue is that music requires a regular pulse and regular repeating patterns, but in this work, the note duration is linked to thickness, so it may not invoke a sense of rhythm.
  > It is a challenging issue that we must choose between a straightforward scientific approach and an engaging artistic approach in sonification. Furthermore, a technical issue exists. Regarding the tempo, for example, playing slow creates a problem where the sound from much thicker strata becomes too long; thus, the adjustable play rate is a very good idea, but requires a higher technical level. So, we prefer to take some time.
  
  Specific comments:
  L15: Please add a sentence to this paragraph about why we should be interested in sedimentary layers of rock. What we can learn from it or use it for.
  > We will revise the paper in consideration of the referee comments.
  
  L15: What is strata?
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  L16: What is grain size?
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  L25-L29: Single sentence paragraph – merge with previous paragraph. Also, remove “Especially”.
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  L30: remove “very simply”
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  L32: “The web app was opened in 2018 and has been used.” While this is true, I suspect that this sentence is missing some words.
  > We will revise the paper in consideration of the referee comments and mention that access to the web app has been approximately 700 since 2018.
  
  L32: remove “anyone”
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  L38: remove general
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  L41: Should this be a reference, instead of a web address in line?
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  L43: Don’t start a sentence with Because. (Because is a conjunction word, so it’s only just to join two sentence parts).
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  L41-44: Actually, this is not that useful to know. You can probably delete “but once the web app has been started up, columnar sections can be created, saved, and loaded, and music can be played, even offline, for as long as the browser window is kept open.”
  > We believe it is important information for us, fieldworkers. We often survey and make columnar sections far from the internet.
  
  L44: Is the code open source and hosted online anywhere? Can users download it and make their own server? There's a link to the github in the supplementatal code section, but maybe mention it here too.
  > We currently allow use from our server because we would like to analyze the access and manage updates.
  
  L46: What is a columnal Section?
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  L53: This is the legend and should appear in the web app and in figure 1.
  > We prefer to update after publication.
  
  L66: Single sentence paragraph, merge with previous
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  L72: l=100logt: write this as an in line equation.
  > We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  L73: Note duration in ms is not a musical way to describe this. Have you considered another way to link thickness to tempo? Perhaps binning thicknesses into musical notes? 100m = 2 bars, 1m = crochet, 1mm = semiquaver or something scaling like this?
  > We prefer to consider after publication. It is also the issue that we must choose between a straightforward scientific approach and an engaging artistic approach in sonification.
  
  L77: If you’re starting the scale from A, then it’s Aminor pentanic, not C major.
  > We will revise according to the referee comment. Is it A minor pentatonic scale (A-C-D-E-G-A), right?
  
  L77-78: You have 8 types of grain size, why use a pentatonic scale instead of an 8 note major scale?
  > We prefer to consider after publication. It is also the issue that we must choose between a scientific and an artistic approach. Currently, we have chosen a straightforward scientific approach because the A minor pentatonic scale has no semitone intervals, and it corresponds to the classification of grain size defined by regular intervals of logarithms.
  
  L78: One of the really unique elements of your sonification is the glissando (slides) from one pitch to another, but you don’t mention this in the text. It would be worth adding a sentence describing this.
  > Thank you. We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  L104-109: I really like this, this is what the tool should do! Help understand the layers!
  > Thank you. We will revise according to the referee comment.
  
  L111-119: I am not sure about this survey. It doesn't appear in the abstract or the methods. I understand the intention, but I feel that these may be leading questions, and I'm not sure that it adds very much to the overall message of the paper.
  > We will revise the abstract and methods in consideration of the referee comments.
  
  I'd like to see a Discussions, limitations and extensions section. What are the issues with this approach? Where can it be extended in the future?
  > We will add a Discussion in consideration of the referee comments, including the ideas of updating the app and the potential benefits to users with disabilities.
  
  In the supplemental code github repository, you should add instructions on how to install and run the app to the README.md file.
  > We currently allow use from our server because we would like to analyze the access and manage updates.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1978-AC2

Peer review completion

AR – Author's response | RR – Referee report | ED – Editor decision | EF – Editorial file upload

ED: Reconsider after major revisions (further review by editor and referees) (06 Aug 2025) by Sebastian G. Mutz

AR by Toshiyuki Kitazawa on behalf of the Authors (17 Sep 2025) Author's response Author's tracked changes Manuscript

ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (01 Oct 2025) by Sebastian G. Mutz

RR by Anonymous Referee #3 (08 Nov 2025)

Suggestions for revision or reasons for rejection

This manuscript presents Sedimentary Rock!, a method that converts geological information into sound, aiming to enhance understanding of sedimentary environments and promote science communication. The topic aligns well with the scope of this journal, which emphasizes the advancement of science outreach. The approach is intuitive, and its originality is evident in making geological structures perceivable through auditory cognition. The method has clear potential benefits for both education and public engagement, and thus I recommend the manuscript for publication.

At the same time, the following points, if addressed, may further strengthen the clarity, rigor, and broader applicability of the work:
--
1. Choice of Musical Scale
The manuscript states that the A–C–D–E–G pentatonic scale was selected to avoid dissonance. However, since the sonification outputs monophonic tones rather than harmonic combinations, dissonance is not inherently an issue. It may be beneficial to clarify the rationale behind selecting this particular scale. For example, was the choice influenced by cultural familiarity, psychoacoustic considerations, or accessibility for non-specialists? Additionally, discussing whether alternative scales could serve the same function—and what might change or remain robust across scale choices—would help to articulate the extensibility of the method. The pentatonic scale is used widely in Asian musical traditions; acknowledging this cultural association may also enrich the discussion.

2. Musical Development and Use as Motif
Given the typical length of a columnar section, the resulting sound sequence does not readily form a self-contained musical composition with narrative structure. Instead, the output may be better understood as a “musical motif” that could be transformed or developed in composition. If the authors view “music” in this work as conceptually distinct from artistic composition, this distinction could be explained. Otherwise, it may be worthwhile to briefly discuss the potential of using the output as a component within a larger musical piece, rather than a complete work in itself.

3. Explanation Provided Prior to the Survey
The level of explanation provided to participants before listening can significantly influence their perception and interpretation. Therefore, it is important to clarify the sequence and amount of information given to participants: Was explanation provided before listening, after listening, or both? If explanation followed the listening experience, this should also be described. Providing information on what participants were told and in what order would enhance the transparency of the survey methodology.
Additionally, the manuscript may benefit from considering an educational perspective similar to “dialogue-based viewing” used in art education, in which engagement and curiosity are stimulated prior to formal instruction. Discussing whether listening first could improve attention or motivation in subsequent geological learning could provide a valuable perspective.

--
These comments are not critical of the core contribution; rather, they aim to help strengthen the manuscript’s clarity and theoretical grounding. The work is already meaningful and promising, and addressing the points above would further enhance its academic and educational impact.

Hide

ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (further review by editor) (20 Nov 2025) by Sebastian G. Mutz

AR by Toshiyuki Kitazawa on behalf of the Authors (27 Nov 2025) Author's response Author's tracked changes Manuscript

ED: Publish as is (28 Nov 2025) by Sebastian G. Mutz

ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (further review by editor) (28 Nov 2025) by Solmaz Mohadjer (Executive editor)

Dear Hiroaki Yasutomo and co-authors,

Many thanks for submitting your manuscript to Geoscience Communication, and for effective engagement with the peer-review process.

While reviewing your manuscript, I noticed a couple of minor issues. I, therefore, ask you to take a look at my edits and comments shown below, and revise your manuscript accordingly. I will then review the revisions (no further review by the referees) and make the final decision.

Minor edits and comments:

Table - Please move Table to supplementary material since you already have one figure (GC Insights allows for 1 figure or 1 table - not both). Please also include the entire questionnaire form in the supplementary materials (if it differs from the information shown in the Table). In addition, replace 'questionary' with 'statements' in the Table.

Line 25: Our motivation for this study is to (not into) convert researchers’ and educators’ field data into (not to) music, and anyone can create music from natural records. The last part of this sentence (i.e., and anyone can create music from natural records) seems out of place.

Lines 27-30: I think a verb is missing from this sentence.

Line 46: "The access has been approximately 1,000 since we opened the web app in 2017" - Do you mean 1,000 users? If so, please state it.

Line 47: "It is helpful to understand the cyclicity and drastic changes in geological history recorded in strata, as well as the variation in each sedimentary environment." Helpful to who and why? Perhaps also add an example for "cyclicity and drastic changes in geological history recorded in strata" so the readers understand what you are referring to.

Line 84: Delete "straightforwardly"

Line 89: You are missing a period at the end of the sentence.

Line 100: Remove informal language (aren't)

Line 106: Can you share the link to the video? It makes it more accessible than looking up a reference and searching within it for a link.

Line 118: Could you insert the number of years for 'Middle Pleistocene' and anywhere else you refer to specific time periods using geologic names?

Line 120: What is MIS 5?

Line 137: Remove 'some'

Line 143: "four questionnaires" - do you mean four questions?

Line 137: What do you mean by "educational effects"? What are the questions you are asking/assessing"?

Line 145: "...has a certain educational effect." Vague statement. Please elaborate.

Line 150: Delete "we have no doubt that"

Line 156: "On the other hand, in the science class for younger students, the effort required to create their own columnar section is a bit high" - Consider replacing it with "More effort, however, it may be required of school-age students to create their own columnar section" or something like this.

Please include the link to the app in the abstract (https://rissho-es.jp/kitazawa/SedimentaryRock/) or early in the introduction.

Hide

AR by Toshiyuki Kitazawa on behalf of the Authors (30 Nov 2025) Author's response Author's tracked changes Manuscript

ED: Publish as is (01 Dec 2025) by Solmaz Mohadjer

ED: Publish as is (02 Dec 2025) by Sam Illingworth (Executive editor)

AR by Toshiyuki Kitazawa on behalf of the Authors (05 Dec 2025) Author's response Manuscript

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Short summary

Sedimentary Rock! is a new tool that converts columnar sections into human hearing and rhythmic senses. It is easy to use, and learners understand that the strata consist of concepts of grain size and stratum thickness as they work to create a columnar section. Furthermore, the learners know that the stacks of strata represent the geological history, and the changes in grain size and thickness indicate the environmental changes.