the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Storming the news media: 5 years of reporting weather hazards and climate change
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AB, UK
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AB, UK
Abstract. Global heating has increased the risk of weather hazards in recent years. Communication of weather hazard risk by the news media has importance. Newsworthiness affects weather hazards reporting. Here, the methods used to adhere to the open science principles of reproducibility and transparency. Methods used are advanced Google searches of media articles and the emergency disaster database (EM-DAT) that consider the weather hazards floods, heat waves, wildfires, storms and droughts. Storms have had a large number of articles in the last five years. But, wildfires have a large number of articles per individual occurrence. Science and media collaborations could address the bias and improve reporting.
Chloe Brimicombe
Status: final response (author comments only)
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RC1: 'Comment on gc-2022-8', Anonymous Referee #1, 09 May 2022
GC-2022-8: Storming the news media…
Revisions
This is an interesting topic and deserves critical attention. Yet the present manuscript muddles several things together, which makes it difficult to discern if the research aims have been met, and what the overall take-home messages are. Below I have made some suggestions to improve the readability of the piece.
First, I think the title needs to be revised. Unless you have read the article it’s unclear what the ‘storming the news media’ means, and even after reading the article I’m not sure this is the central finding. A title that is clearer (and more descriptive) would be preferable. For example, “Is there a climate change reporting bias? A case study of English language news articles, 2017-2022”.
Second, the results section is very hard to read. I had to read many sentences several times to fully understand what was being communicated. My advice is to divide the results section into three parts: (1) have the number of weather hazards news article increased since 2017?; (2) which weather hazards receive the most attention in news articles?; and (3) how often is climate change discussed in these news articles in relation to weather hazards?. Each section could be discussed in 3 or 4 sentences, giving more space for the discussion.
Third, the conclusion should be rewritten. Rather than repeat the findings, tell the reader what the findings mean and why they matter. Why does it matter if this a bias in reporting extreme weather events? Is it because people may be left unprepared for one risk over another? Money may be invested in one problem compared to another? Or because invisible risks continue to persist until they reach a critical tipping point? Without this, does it matter if floods are reported more than heatwaves? And what should be done about this?
Lastly, there are some questionable calculations throughout the manuscript, where the aggregate findings are correlated with other data points. I’m mindful that, on face value, the calculations may be a little misleading, and worst, meaningless (see comments below). It’s a pity that no information is provided on where the weather hazards occurred, or where the news articles focus their attention. Do they, for example, only report on storms in Europe? Overall, I think the paper is trying to do too much. My advice is to strip back much of the results and wider findings and concentrate on what was done, what is reliable, and what this tells us. Also, in trying an experimental analysis, what can other researchers learn from this experience?
Below are other points that need to be addressed:
- Delete line 7. It’s unclear and adds little.
- Rephrase lines 8 and 9 to: “How weather hazards are communicated by the media is important. Which risks are understood, prioritised, and acted upon, can be influenced by the level of attention they receive. In this paper,…”.
- Rephrase line 12 to: “hazards floods, heat waves, wildfires, storms and droughts from 2017-2022”.
- Rephrase lines 12, 13 and 14 to: “Storms are more likely to be reported than any other climate risk. But wildfires generate more news articles per event. Bias in reporting needs to be addressed.
- Lines 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35 change to “The IPCC’s AR6 report… have increased in intensity and frequency (IPCC 2021). Since 2017, there have been a number of notable weather events: Pacific Typhoon season 2018, European floods in 2021, Mediterranean heatwave and wildfires in 2021”.
- Line 39 and 40 change to: “to highlight the risk of extreme weather and what action is needed”.
- Line 41 delete “previously”.
- Line 41 change to “found that the media often gives”.
- Line 42 change: “outlier” to “sensationalist”
- Line 44 delete “previous”.
- Line 48 delete “this is”.
- Line 50-54 change to: “Reported here for the first time, this study uses open science principles (Armeni et al. 2021; Nosek et al. 2015) alongside the advanced search tools provided by Google, and the emergency database (EM-DAT) (CRED 2020), to examine how weather hazards are mentioned in news articles, from 2017-22. The aim is to understand: (1) has the number of articles focused on weather hazards increased since 2017; (2) which weather hazards receive the most attention; and (3) how often is climate change discussed in relation to those weather hazards”.
- Line 60: Not sure this is the correct definition of ‘open science’.
- Line 64 change to: “The search involved two stages: first, a search for all news articles in the period containing keywords – flood, heat wave, wildfire, storm and drought, was conducted, and second, this search criterion was repeated with the keywords – climate change”.
- Line 69 delete “Further”.
- Lines 73-76, I’m not sure the logic for removing 21% of the articles makes sense. This calculation assumes that there is an even distribution of relevant and irrelevant news articles not only in the sample chosen, but also the rest of the articles collected. A clearer explanation is needed here.
- Line 77 is unclear. Please rephrase.
- How do you know the search results returned from Google are news-articles? What process was involved in determining that the articles came from news outlets and were written by journalists?
- Line 87 – who is the ‘we’ in this sentence? Or ‘us’ in line 91 and 93?
- Could Table 1 be reformatted so that it includes the data for the weather hazards per year? For example, a column for 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021. Then the reader can learn the frequency of the events – before understanding the frequency of the reporting. That is, there were 10 droughts in 2017.
- Line 99: what are the biases?
- Line 111 is imprecise. Do you think the number of articles has increased year-on-year? That the number in 2021 is more than in 2017? Or something else? The current phrasing suggests a comparative dimension, but what is being compared? No data is provided to pre-2017.
- Line 112: “More articles are written about storms each year compared to other weather hazards. Whereas the fewest number of articles were written about heatwaves each year”.
- Line 115: write the full figure 169,000.
- Figure 1 is visually deceptive. Could a different style be used to illustrate the vast differences in reporting? Perhaps a treemap? Or a visual where the risks are represented by their size?
- Line 122 is confusing to read. Are you saying that out of the 142 million articles, only 1.03 million discuss climate change and the weather hazard? If that is the case, you really should showcase it. “Of interest, only 0.7% of all news articles mentioned climate change and the weather hazard together. This type of reporting has increased year-on-on-year, however”.
- Line 123-128 do not add much. Do you need to explain the rank order in relation to climate change? Is there a difference? If not, delete this.
- Lines 130-137, I am not convinced about the logic here. The disproportionate number of articles focused on ‘storms’ will make any correlations to events potentially misleading. Moreover, one ‘storm’ might generate 10x more articles than another, but this nuance is lost by aggregating the totals. I do not think this analysis adds anything, and instead it creates confusion. Indeed, this analysis is not needed to answer the paper’s research aims.
- Lines 147-154 could be condensed in two sentences that explain that drought articles were more likely to include mentions to climate change, and floods the least.
- Line 177 change to: “which was attributed to climate change”.
- Line 194 delete “in addition”.
- Why is that the media are happier to attribute climate change to hazards associated with warming (heatwaves, droughts) and less willing to do so for hazards associated with wetness (floods, storms)?
- Line 210 change to: “There is a bias in terms of which weather hazards English language news media report on, and a bias in terms of which weather hazards are linked to climate change”.
- A lot of space is dedicated to explaining if journalists link extreme weather events and climate change. But why is this important? Why does it matter if certain weather events are attributed more often to climate change than others?
- How were articles treated that focused on primarily on one weather event but mentioned others too?
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Chloe Brimicombe, 13 May 2022
This is an interesting topic and deserves critical attention. Yet the present manuscript muddles several things together, which makes it difficult to discern if the research aims have been met, and what the overall take-home messages are. Below I have made some suggestions to improve the readability of the piece.
Thank you for all your comments. I hope by addressing them the manuscript will be improved.
First, I think the title needs to be revised. Unless you have read the article it’s unclear what the ‘storming the news media’ means, and even after reading the article I’m not sure this is the central finding. A title that is clearer (and more descriptive) would be preferable. For example, “Is there a climate change reporting bias? A case study of English language news articles, 2017-2022”.
I agree and will change the title.
Second, the results section is very hard to read. I had to read many sentences several times to fully understand what was being communicated. My advice is to divide the results section into three parts: (1) have the number of weather hazards news article increased since 2017?; (2) which weather hazards receive the most attention in news articles?; and (3) how often is climate change discussed in these news articles in relation to weather hazards?. Each section could be discussed in 3 or 4 sentences, giving more space for the discussion.
Thank you for your comment. I will look to restructure the results section as you suggest.
Third, the conclusion should be rewritten. Rather than repeat the findings, tell the reader what the findings mean and why they matter. Why does it matter if this a bias in reporting extreme weather events? Is it because people may be left unprepared for one risk over another? Money may be invested in one problem compared to another? Or because invisible risks continue to persist until they reach a critical tipping point? Without this, does it matter if floods are reported more than heatwaves? And what should be done about this?
Thank you for your comment. I will look to better integrate the conclusion with the discussion and what the findings mean.
Lastly, there are some questionable calculations throughout the manuscript, where the aggregate findings are correlated with other data points. I’m mindful that, on face value, the calculations may be a little misleading, and worst, meaningless (see comments below). It’s a pity that no information is provided on where the weather hazards occurred, or where the news articles focus their attention. Do they, for example, only report on storms in Europe? Overall, I think the paper is trying to do too much. My advice is to strip back much of the results and wider findings and concentrate on what was done, what is reliable, and what this tells us. Also, in trying an experimental analysis, what can other researchers learn from this experience?
Thank you, my previous research (Brimicombe et al., 2021 Earths Future) demonstrates that EM-DAT and often reporting is European centred. I however, agree with you that this can be confusing and misleading which was not my intension. I will restructure instead to include “what can other researchers learn from this experience as an experimental form of analysis?”
· Delete line 7. It’s unclear and adds little.
Thank you I will delete it.
· Rephrase lines 8 and 9 to: “How weather hazards are communicated by the media is important. Which risks are understood, prioritised, and acted upon, can be influenced by the level of attention they receive. In this paper,…”.
Thank you I will change this.
· Rephrase line 12 to: “hazards floods, heat waves, wildfires, storms and droughts from 2017-2022”.
Thank you I will change this.
· Rephrase lines 12, 13 and 14 to: “Storms are more likely to be reported than any other climate risk. But wildfires generate more news articles per event. Bias in reporting needs to be addressed.
Thank you I will change this.
· Lines 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35 change to “The IPCC’s AR6 report… have increased in intensity and frequency (IPCC 2021). Since 2017, there have been a number of notable weather events: Pacific Typhoon season 2018, European floods in 2021, Mediterranean heatwave and wildfires in 2021”.
Thank you I will change this.
· Line 39 and 40 change to: “to highlight the risk of extreme weather and what action is needed”.
Thank you I will change this.
· Line 41 delete “previously”.
Thank you I will delete this.
· Line 41 change to “found that the media often gives”.
Thank you I will change this.
· Line 42 change: “outlier” to “sensationalist”
Thank you I will change this.
· Line 44 delete “previous”.
Thank you I will delete this.
· Line 48 delete “this is”.
Thank you I will delete this.
· Line 50-54 change to: “Reported here for the first time, this study uses open science principles (Armeni et al. 2021; Nosek et al. 2015) alongside the advanced search tools provided by Google, and the emergency database (EM-DAT) (CRED 2020), to examine how weather hazards are mentioned in news articles, from 2017-22. The aim is to understand: (1) has the number of articles focused on weather hazards increased since 2017; (2) which weather hazards receive the most attention; and (3) how often is climate change discussed in relation to those weather hazards”.
Thank you I will change this.
· Line 60: Not sure this is the correct definition of ‘open science’.
I agree – this is a description more in keeping with open data than open science which are related I will make this clearer.
· Line 64 change to: “The search involved two stages: first, a search for all news articles in the period containing keywords – flood, heat wave, wildfire, storm and drought, was conducted, and second, this search criterion was repeated with the keywords – climate change”.
Thank you I will change this.
· Line 69 delete “Further”.
Thank you I will delete this.
· Lines 73-76, I’m not sure the logic for removing 21% of the articles makes sense. This calculation assumes that there is an even distribution of relevant and irrelevant news articles not only in the sample chosen, but also the rest of the articles collected. A clearer explanation is needed here.
The reasoning for this is because when writing a shorter manuscript using a similar method https://gc.copernicus.org/preprints/gc-2021-27/ the editor found that especially for Storm many of the articles were not about the weather hazard. I added this step to the method to arbitrarily simply try and address articles that may not be about the hazard and to avoid overestimation of number of articles. I will make this clearer.
· Line 77 is unclear. Please rephrase.
Thank you I will incorporate this with restructuring lines 73 to 77.
· How do you know the search results returned from Google are news-articles? What process was involved in determining that the articles came from news outlets and were written by journalists?
Thank you, all articles are filtered using the google search selection of news. I will add this to the method.
· Line 87 – who is the ‘we’ in this sentence? Or ‘us’ in line 91 and 93?
Thank you, I will change this to either third person or singular.
· Could Table 1 be reformatted so that it includes the data for the weather hazards per year? For example, a column for 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021. Then the reader can learn the frequency of the events – before understanding the frequency of the reporting. That is, there were 10 droughts in 2017.
Thank you, I will look to restructure this and follow your suggestions from a previous comments of how this could be misleading currently.
· Line 99: what are the biases?
Biases exist in what disasters are recorded in the EM-DAT database (Brimicombe et al., 2021a; Gall et al., 2009) I will make this clearer.
· Line 111 is imprecise. Do you think the number of articles has increased year-on-year? That the number in 2021 is more than in 2017? Or something else? The current phrasing suggests a comparative dimension, but what is being compared? No data is provided to pre-2017.
Thank you I will make this clearer as a summary of the total number of articles. I mean over the 5 years here the aggregated total (the sum of the number of articles each year since 2017) is over 142 million articles.
· Line 112: “More articles are written about storms each year compared to other weather hazards. Whereas the fewest number of articles were written about heatwaves each year”.
Thank you, I will make this clearer.
· Line 115: write the full figure 169,000.
Thank you, I will change this.
· Figure 1 is visually deceptive. Could a different style be used to illustrate the vast differences in reporting? Perhaps a treemap? Or a visual where the risks are represented by their size?
Thank you. I will look to see if there is another way to visualise this.
· Line 122 is confusing to read. Are you saying that out of the 142 million articles, only 1.03 million discuss climate change and the weather hazard? If that is the case, you really should showcase it. “Of interest, only 0.7% of all news articles mentioned climate change and the weather hazard together. This type of reporting has increased year-on-on-year, however”.
Thank you. Yes that is what I was trying to highlight I will rephrase.
· Line 123-128 do not add much. Do you need to explain the rank order in relation to climate change? Is there a difference? If not, delete this.
Thank you. I will incorporate the most useful information with the previous paragraph.
· Lines 130-137, I am not convinced about the logic here. The disproportionate number of articles focused on ‘storms’ will make any correlations to events potentially misleading. Moreover, one ‘storm’ might generate 10x more articles than another, but this nuance is lost by aggregating the totals. I do not think this analysis adds anything, and instead it creates confusion. Indeed, this analysis is not needed to answer the paper’s research aims.
Thank you. I will look to restructure this as I stated above.
The reason I aggregated the totals is because of the underreporting of some hazards in comparison to others across science reports, the media and EM-DAT as discussed in the method. I will look to make sure this is not misleading.
When looking at the average of number articles per total hazards across the 5 years we are able to reveal a trend that warm hazards are more readily attributed to climate change than wet hazards, which we don’t see in Figure 1.
· Lines 147-154 could be condensed in two sentences that explain that drought articles were more likely to include mentions to climate change, and floods the least.
Thank you I will look to restructure.
· Line 177 change to: “which was attributed to climate change”.
Thank you I will change this.
· Line 194 delete “in addition”.
Thank you I will delete this.
· Why is that the media are happier to attribute climate change to hazards associated with warming (heatwaves, droughts) and less willing to do so for hazards associated with wetness (floods, storms)?
Thank you I state in Line 196: Instead, the media can be suggested to follow the science where it is seen these hazards are easier to attribute to climate change than floods or storms (Ciavarella et al., 2020; Kreienkamp et al., 2021).
But will look to make this clearer.
· Line 210 change to: “There is a bias in terms of which weather hazards English language news media report on, and a bias in terms of which weather hazards are linked to climate change”.
Thank you I will change this.
· A lot of space is dedicated to explaining if journalists link extreme weather events and climate change. But why is this important? Why does it matter if certain weather events are attributed more often to climate change than others?
Thank you, Line 188: This attention bias in the overall number of reports has a material cost where storms receive more research, funding and policy than other hazards.
But as above I will make this clearer in the discussion and conclusion.
· How were articles treated that focused on primarily on one weather event but mentioned others too?
Thank you. I will add this to the method section. They are counted twice.
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RC2: 'Comment on gc-2022-8', Shiba Subedi, 19 Jun 2022
This is an interesting topic for me. The manuscript is well written and compiled a good amount of data.Below are my suggestions:Major comment:- The Author could also add the approximate damage caused by different weather hazards in the last five years. This will certainly increase the impact of the article and also would correlate with how 'number' alone is not the key point to be reported in the media but corresponding damage amount also can play the role. If possible, I suggest to the author add a section on it.- The conclusion section should be re-written, not repeating the findings, but looking what is the implication of the findings and so on. In the conclusion author also can discuss. Is there a geographical bias for these kinds of hazards?Some corrections:Re-write the caption for Figure 2.- Line 30: Define IPCC- Line 41: delete 'previously'- Line 48: delete 'this is'- Line 50: add a sentence of open science principles.- Line 63-68: rephrase the paragraph. same for Line 77- Line 115 (also later) change 'k' notation to the full figure.- Line 122, 140, and 150, are confusing, clear them.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Chloe Brimicombe, 05 Jul 2022
This is an interesting topic for me. The manuscript is well written and compiled a good amount of data.
Thank you, I am glad you find my manuscript interesting
Major comment:
- The Author could also add the approximate damage caused by different weather hazards in the last five years. This will certainly increase the impact of the article and also would correlate with how 'number' alone is not the key point to be reported in the media but corresponding damage amount also can play the role. If possible, I suggest to the author add a section on it.
Thank you. I will take this comment and the concerns of reviewer 1 and restructure a section to address this.
- The conclusion section should be re-written, not repeating the findings, but looking what is the implication of the findings and so on.
Thank you. I agree and will bring more discussion of implications into the conclusion.
In the conclusion author also can discuss. Is there a geographical bias for these kinds of hazards?
Thank you. By restructuring a section of the manuscript I will tease the geographical biases out better throughout the manuscript.
Re-write the caption for Figure 2.
I agree and will rewrite it.
Line 30: Define IPCC
It will be defined as the intergovernmental panel on climate change.
Line 41: delete 'previously'
It will be removed.
Line 48: delete 'this is'
It will be removed.
Line 50: add a sentence of open science principles.
I agree and will expand this section slightly.
Line 63-68: rephrase the paragraph. same for Line 77
It will be rephrased.
Line 115 (also later) change 'k' notation to the full figure.
I will include the full numbers.
Line 122, 140, and 150, are confusing, clear them.
I will re-check these lines and clear them.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Chloe Brimicombe, 05 Jul 2022
Chloe Brimicombe
Chloe Brimicombe
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