GC Insights: Geoscience students' experience of writing academic poetry as an aid to their science education

A survey was completed by 11 geoscience students in order to explore their experience of writing poetry as an aid to 10 their science education. A thematic analysis found that themes could be categorised as being related to either the ‘Task Process’ (‘Identification of Significant Information’, ‘Distillation of Information’, ‘Metamorphosis of Text’) or ‘Task Meaning’ (‘Enjoyable’, ‘Valuable’, ‘Challenging’, which has subthemes ‘Frustrating’ and ‘Restricted’). The results of this study present evidence that writing haiku based on scientific text can aid geoscience students by making newly learned information more digestible.


Introduction
Science and the humanities are often seen to be disparate fields of study, though this has not always been the case throughout history (Higgins, 2019;Roche et al., 2018). Recently, there has been a desire to reignite the bond between science and the arts as a way to advance education, pedagogy, and communication between academic disciplines (Brown, 2019;Gurnon et al., 2013;Osbourn, 2006;Watts, 2001). It has also been argued that science 20 journal articles are sometimes too esoteric; therefore, communicating using poetic, creative language could potentially ameliorate this difficulty (Illingworth, 2022;Osbourn, 2006,).
In a study by Pollack and Korol (2013), undergraduate neuroscience students were challenged to write a haiku based on an excerpt from a textbook, a task that was found to require contemplation and lateral thinking. Inspired by this study, our research presents an introduction to exploring geoscience students' experience of writing academic poetry 25 as an aid to their science education, as there is a history of both poets and scientists writing poetry on geographyrelated topics (Higgins, 2019)

Method
A research advertisement (see Appendix A) was posted to social media platforms, including the personal researchers' accounts on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn, and shared by leaders of geography-related modules to 30 2 students in the UK; participants were recruited using opportunity sampling. The inclusion criteria stated participants had to be a university student aged 18 or over, enrolled in a bachelor of science or master's degree in a geosciencerelated subject, and have a university email address. In total 11 participants took part in this qualitative study.
Ethical approval for this study was given by the Leeds Trinity School of Psychology and Therapeutic Ethics Committee. Aside from preserving anonymity, one of the biggest ethical issues to consider was that writing poetry 35 might trigger emotional effects in the participants, and as such we provided signposting to charities (Safe In Our World and Mind) who could provide support and mental health advice if required.
A link was shared on social media platforms that directed participants to the survey, which was hosted by Jisc Online Surveys. After reading the information sheet and accepting the consent form (see Appendix B), participants were shown a list of questions to complete concerning the university they attend, the name of the course they were 40 enrolled in, and their university email address. Participants were asked to choose one out of a possible three text passages (labelled anonymously as "1", "2", and "3": The Royal Society, 2020a, para 2.; see Appendix C; The Royal Society, 2020b, para 3.; see Appendix D; The Royal Society, 2020c, para 2.; see Appendix E). Following this selection, they were then invited to read their chosen passage of text and then write a haiku (which we defined here as a three-line poem of 17 syllables) based on the information they had just read. They were then asked four open-45 ended questions about their experience of writing the haiku: 1. How did you find the experience of writing the poem? 2. Did writing the poem affect your engagement with the science in any way?
3. Was a haiku an appropriate form to use? 4. Have you experience of writing poetry before this exercise? 50

Results & Discussion
Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data in this study. According to Braun and Clarke (2012), a thematic analysis is a qualitative data analysis that extracts themes across a data set to discover meaningful patterns. Important information in the text that relates to the research question is identified and summarised using a word or short phrase, which are called codes. There may be several codes that are very similar to one another and can 55 collapse to form one subtheme or theme.
The themes and subthemes extracted from the data within this study were associated with either the 'Task Process', which we define as focussing on the steps within the process of conducting the task, or the 'Task Meaning', which focuses on the emotions and sense of meaning participants experienced while writing their haiku.

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The themes that emerged from Task Process were found to be: 'Identification of significant information', 'Distillation of information', and 'Metamorphosis of text' (see Fig. 1a). After reading the text extract, participants began identifying significant information from the text extract: "A haiku is very short so I had to really get the core words out of the text" Participant 1

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Following this, they distilled the information, filtering out the information they deemed as least relevant: "It made me think much more about how to distil the essential information" Participant 1 And then they metamorphized the text from an academic to a poetic style: "It is a good use to metamorphize a scientific situation form to monotone (dry) text to a vivid (appealing)"

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Participant 8 Writing the haiku was also found to be an iterative process as opposed to a linear one: "Even after I finished writing the poem I went back to change it after thinking there was a better piece of information to put in the second line than what I originally put" Participant 11 75
The majority of the participants found the task to be enjoyable: "It was a great experience! I always get warm fuzzies in my stomach when I'm able to join my creative and The meaning and emotional experience of the task is interconnected with the Task Process. In this case, the participant enjoyed transfiguring the text from its original academic style to something more vivacious.
As well as being an enjoyable task, most of the participants found the task to be challenging due to the restrictions 85 given.

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Many participants found the use of the haiku an appropriate poetry form for this study and that the restrictions were relevant: "It was challenging to really boil down the concept, it was a great exercise in simplification and summarization".

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Participant 4 However, some participants found that the directions that had been given, to write a 17-syllable haiku with three lines, were too limiting. This was noticeable as some of the participants went beyond the syllable count. They may have been unaware of their counting error, or the error could have been due to them feeling too constricted in what they could write: 95 "I found it limiting in terms of the amount of detail I could give".

Participant 10
When participants felt too restricted, it also caused them to feel frustrated: "[I found it] frustrating at times" Participant 8 100 Finally, it is important for students to find value in doing the task. Participants identified that it helped them to memorise the information within the larger text extract; instead of having to remember a large paragraph of information, they only needed to recall three short lines of a poem, which contained the most significant and relevant pieces of information: "I learned science I didn't know from the passage and now won't forget it because I made a fun mnemonic"  which may have prevented more in-depth responses from participants. Future research may want to examine the experiences of students who study different science subjects and have different levels of experience writing poetry and pose different questions to explore different aspects of their experience, including if the task made them consider writing poetry to aid their science education in the future. There was also a limited amount of data due to the small number of participants within this study, with Participant 10 being the only person who did not have prior 120 6 experience writing poetry. The informative nature and accuracy of the scientific information within the haiku, as well as the task's effect on future academic success, may also be analysed in an objective manner.

Data availability
The data of this study, which includes each participants' haiku and responses to the four questions, is available at https://osf.io/a24sz/?view_only=9c0914834c264e8490a5931422992dd6 125 Author contributions AW and SI both designed and delivered the survey, with AW conducting the first analysis of the data. AW and SI co-wrote the paper.

Competing interests
Sam Illingworth is the chief executive editor of Geoscience Communication.

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The Royal Society.:15. What is ocean acidification and why does it matter?, https://royalsociety.org/topicspolicy/projects/climate-change-evidence-causes/question-15/?gclid=CjwKCAiA- then click the 'next' button below. You will be asked to fill in details about your university, the name of your course, and your university email address. Following this, you will be shown a text passage about a topic within geoscience and asked to write a poem based on the information within the text. If you do not consent to the information above and would not like to participate in this study then please close the tab to this page.

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Understand that you can leave the study at any point by exiting the tab to Jisc Online Surveys. If you do this before completing the four questions at the end of the study then none of your data will be saved. If you would like to withdraw from the study upon completion of the four questions then please email Alice Wardle at 1906082@leedstrinity.ac.uk that you would like to do so. You will also need to send your unique response number, which will be shown to you at the end of the study.

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Appendix C Ocean Acidification text passage CO2 dissolves in water to form a weak acid, and the oceans have absorbed about a third of the CO2 resulting from human activities, leading to a steady decrease in ocean pH levels. With increasing atmospheric CO2, this chemical 185 balance will change even more during the next century. Laboratory and other experiments show that under high CO2 and in more acidic waters, some marine species have misshapen shells and lower growth rates, although the effect varies among species. Acidification also alters the cycling of nutrients and many other elements and compounds in the ocean, and it is likely to shift the competitive advantage among species, with as-yet-to-bedetermined impacts on marine ecosystems and the food web.

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Appendix D

Climate change and weather events text passage
A warming climate can contribute to the intensity of heat waves by increasing the chances of very hot days and nights. Climate warming also increases evaporation on land, which can worsen drought and create conditions more prone to wildfire and a longer wildfire season. A warming atmosphere is also associated with heavier precipitation 195 events (rain and snowstorms) through increases in the air's capacity to hold moisture. El Niño events favour drought in many tropical and subtropical land areas, while La Niña events promote wetter conditions in many places. These short-term and regional variations are expected to become more extreme in a warming climate.